USUL AL-FIKH
Fiqh – meaning «understanding». The word fiqh is used in this sense in several places in the Quran. For example: «… but you do not understand their praise…» (Isra, Ayat 44) In Sharia terminology, Fiqh: knowledge of Sharia judgments about action through evidence. Sometimes these sentences themselves are called Fiqhs. The foundations of fiqh are: Koran, Sunnah, Ijma, Qiyas. The actions of Muslims (who have reached the age of Baliat) are generally and comprehensively considered and regulate a person’s relationship with the Creator, himself and other people. Fiqh Mukallaf includes the words, deeds, agreements and property of a person. Fiqh is divided into two parts: Verdicts of prayer: prayer, fasting and pilgrimage. Relationship verdicts: contracts, property expenses, crime and punishment, surety, and so on. The influence of knowledge of Fiqh lies in the righteousness of the servant of Allah, the correctness of his actions, the correctness of his morals. And if a Muslim is corrected, then the jamaat will be corrected, and the result will be a happy life in this world and the pleasure of Allah in the Akhirat. Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him): «Allah, who means well, will make religion understandable.»
Madhhabs
Among the Fiqh madhhabs (schools), there are also individual ones, where one scientist has thoughts and views on Sharia issues, but it is not fully developed due to the lack of students who could disseminate and explain it. In addition, there are popular media where the views of the founding scholars of the mujtahids are developed by students. This was the name of the imams who founded the Madhabs. Among these Madhhabs are the Hanafi Madhhab, the Maliki Madhhab, the Shafiqi Madhhab and the Hanbali Madhhab. At the same time, the Mazhabs of Zahiri are sometimes added. These Madhhabs are called «Ahl-Sunni». In addition to the Ahli-Sunnet Madhhabs, there are the Jaafari and Zaydi Madhhabs of the symbionts, as well as the Ibadi Madhhab of the Kharijites.
Madhab Hanafi
The Hanafi Madhhab is an Ahl-Sunni school of fiqh that is based on Imam Abu Hanifa. After the name of its founder, it is called the «Hanafi Mazhab.» Abu Hanifa, whose real name was Nugman ibn Sabit, was born in 80 (699). He was born in Kufa and died there in 150 (767). Scholars belonging to the Hanafi Madhhab called Abu Hanifa «Imam Agzam (great imam). Some historians consider Abu Hanifah to be one of the Tabigeen because he transmitted hadith from his companion Malik ibn Anas. But other historians believe that he is a follower of the Tabi’in. Although Imam Abu Hanifa was a scholar who knew many issues of Islam, his main work was in the field of fiqh. Abdullah ibn al-Mubarak said: «I do not know anyone who could be equal in knowledge of fiqh.» Al-Shafiqi: «Everyone in fiqh exists thanks to Abu Hanifa.»
Madhhab of Maliki
The Maliki madhhab is an Ahl-Sunni school of fiqh that is based on Imam Malik ibn Anas.
Founded by Malik ibn Anas Hijri in 96 (711). He was born in Medina and died in 179 (795). Imam Malik is from the Royal Court of Humayra and emigrated from Yemen. His family became famous for Sharia education, and he himself acquired the title «Imam Dar al-Hijra („al-Hijra“ – the city of Medina).» Imam Malik paid great attention to hadith and left behind a collection of hadith «Muwatta»
Madhab Shafiqi
The founder of the Shafiqi Mazhab is Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafiqi. Born in Gaza, Palestine, in 150 Hijri. Muhammad ibn Idris, who memorized the Quran at the age of seven, received permission to give fatfa at the age of 15. Imam al-Shafi’i was educated by famous scholars: Imam Malik, Sufyan ibn Uyina, Imam Muhammad al-Shaybani. During his short life, al-Shafiqi studied in Mecca, Yemen, Iraq, Egypt and taught there. Imam al-Shafiqi was the first to introduce the science of usul al-fiqh and write the book Risala. Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal considered him his teacher and mujaddidi, who was sent to renew the religion of Allah. According to annual estimates, Hijra circled the world in 204.
Hanbali madhhab
The founder of the Mazhab is Imam Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Hanbal al-Shaybani. 164th year AH (778) He was born in Merv and died in 241 (855). Imam Ahmad, who was orphaned by his father at a very early age, paid great attention to Sharia subjects, including hadith, and became a great muhaddi. He was raised by the famous followers of Abu Hanifa, Imam Abu Yusuf, Imam al-Shafiqi, Waqi ibn al-Jarrah. Even his teachers were Abu Daud, Imam Muslim, Imam al-Bukhari. Imam Ahmad sees a lot of pressure from the devout Mu’tazis who follow the caliphs who came to power. He remains one of the most famous religious writers and was imprisoned and tortured for a long time. Imam Ahmad called for obtaining sharia evidence from the Qur’an and Sunnah and forbade blindly looking at the words of imams. He said: «Do not blindly follow my fatwas, the fatwas of Malik, al-Shafi’i, al-Awza’i and al-Thawri. Receive your fatwas where they received their fatwas.» Ibn al-Jawzi reported the words of
Imam Ahmad: «Whoever greets the Messenger of Allah, and if he does not accept the hadith
«Sahih», then he is on the verge of extinction!»