WORD OF GOD
The Qur’an is the word of God, which begins with Surah Fatiha and ends with Surah Nas. This is the word of God revealed to Muhammad, the last prophet of God to mankind. There are 114 suras and 6236 verses in the Quran. The Qur’an was written in literary Arabic and is the basis of Islamic Sharia. Allah promised to preserve the Quran from changes and additions. This includes beliefs, worship, human relationships, etc. The judgments of the issues are stated in a general and individual form. Surah Alak of the Quran is considered the first revelation, and the first verses of Surah Muddassir are considered the first verses of the message. Therefore, some scholars believe that Muhammad became a prophet with the revelation of Surah Alyak and a messenger with the revelation of Surah Muddassir. The verses of the Quran are divided into two parts depending on the reason for the revelation: Ayats revealed by Allah without any reason; Verses revealed in connection with a specific event or for other reasons; The Quran was revealed in fragments over a period of 23 years. Prophet Muhammad ﷺspent most of this time in Mecca. Therefore, scholars divide these verses into «Makkah» and «Medina» verses: The Meccan verses are a harsher style and a shorter version as they are intended for mushriks who oppose Meccan Islam. At the same time, Meccan Ayats often touch upon issues of monotheism, faith in Eternal Life; Medina verses – at this time the number of Muslims increased, often in a mild form, talk about the rulings of Sharia in relation to Muslims. At the same time, as jhad is legalized and the hypocrisy of the hypocrites is exposed, the verses about jhad and hypocrites become more frequent.
SUNNAH
The Holy Quran commands to follow and obey the Prophet Muhammad, therefore the Sunnah is considered the second basis of Islamic Sharia. Sunnah refers to any word, deed or inner support of the Prophet. At first, Prophet Muhammad did not approve of the writing of hadith from him. For example, these words: «Do not write anything in my name except the Koran. And if someone writes something other than the Koran in my name, let him erase it.» However, when his companion named Abdullah ibn Amr asked about this, he pointed to his mouth and said: «Summer! I swear that my soul is in His Hands, nothing but the Truth will come out of this.» And as Hafiz al-Sahawi said In the book Fath al-Mughis, Islamic scholars unanimously allowed the writing of the Sunnah. Recently, a movement of «Koran scholars» has emerged, claiming that the Sunnah has undergone changes and that only the Qur’an should be followed and Shariah should be drawn from it. In response, Muslims who accept the Sunnah cite verses from the Koran itself, calling them to follow the coming prophet. For example: «Verily, he does not speak at will. It is just a revelation that is written (in the heart) ” (Surah Najm, verses 3—4). «Take whatever the Messenger gives you and abstain from what he forbids!» (Surah Al-Hashr, verse 7). In addition, the following hadith was transmitted from the Prophet: «When the hadith reached one person from me, he said: «Between us and you is the Book of God! «We consider what is permitted in it to be halal and what is forbidden to be haram,» he might say. However, in fact, what the Messenger of Allah prohibits is the same as what God himself prohibits!»
Ijma is the unanimous agreement of Muslim scholars in the post-Prophet era. Ijma does not include the actions of the Companions at the time of Prophethood, since the actions of the Companions at that time are in themselves considered evidence of Shariah. If the scholars agree with the decision, no one is allowed to violate it or deny it, because the Prophet said: «My ummah does not intend to go astray.» There are two types of ijma: «Ijma Qatgiy» is ijma with the explicit consent of the ummah. For example: agreement that prayer is obligatory, agreement that adultery is haram, etc. «Ijma Zannii is an ijma that follows something or says nothing. That is, following what one scientist says, other scientists do not say anything or oppose it. There was disagreement among Muslim scholars regarding the confirmation of this type of ijma, that is, accepting it as evidence. Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah says: «Ijma is the unification of the Salaf in something, even if after them the differences intensified and the ummah split.»
Qiyas is a method of ruling by similarity (analogy), widely used in Islamic jurisprudence. Among Muslim scholars, qiyas ranks second after the Koran, Sunnah and Ijma. However, there are permitted and prohibited types of Qiyas. One of the prohibited types is making a judgment based on evidence from the Quran and Sunnah. Ibn Masgud said: «If you rely on Qiyas in matters of religion, you will make many haram things halal and you will make halal things haram.» Allah said (to Satan): What prevented you from prostrating when I commanded you? He replied: I am better than what you created! You created me from fire and him from clay.» Al-Hasan al-Basri and Muhammad ibn Sirin, based on this verse, believed that the first forbidden analogy (qiyas) was used by Iblis (Satan).
Ijtihad: Research and works of a scholar on Shariah. Conditions of a mujtahid (fiqh scholar) when performing ijtihad: Knowledge of the proofs of the fundamentals of Sharia, Quran, Sunnah, etc. are necessary for ijtihad. Knowledge of rulings on the authenticity or weakness of hadith, such as people in the chain of hadith (Isnad) It is necessary to know nasih and mansukh (i.e. verses and hadiths that cancel a ruling), and also know ijma, so as not to make a ruling based on things whose ruling canceled or contrary to ijma. Ability to distinguish between dubious evidence. Knowledge of the meaning of verbal signs such as «general and particular», based on the basics of language and fiqh. Must be able to make judgments based on evidence.