CODE OF LAWS
Islamic Sharia is a set of laws that regulate man’s relationship with God, other people, society and the environment, what is permitted and what is prohibited, and is mandatory according to the Qur’an, Sunnah and the words of the Salaf (in the case of Shiites – Ahl al-Bayt) and ijtihad of scholars. The most important of these laws are the five pillars of Islam (witness, prayer five times a day, 30 days of fasting in the month of Ramadan, obligatory charity and once-in-a-lifetime pilgrimage)
Sharia actions are divided into eight: Duty, Desirability, Sunnah, Mustahab, Muba, Haram, Makrooh, Mufsid. It is the duty of a Muslim to perform the first five of these eight and abstain from the last three.
Debt (fard) is divided into two parts: «Ayn» and «Kifaya»: «Ain fard». Responsibilities are directly assigned to every Muslim and must be fulfilled.
A Muslim must perform these duties personally. One’s duty cannot be fulfilled by another. Like prayer and fasting. Kifaya Fard: duties that fall on the shoulders of all Muslims through the performance of some Muslims, although they are obligatory on all Muslims. However, if no one does, the entire community is responsible. (juma and janaza prayer, defense of the fatherland)
Desirability (wajib)
Wajib are actions that are not required to be performed as a duty, but are determined by solid evidence. For example, making sacrifices, performing Utir prayers (after praying five times a day) and Al’Eed (holiday prayer), etc.
Sunnah is the actions performed by the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and who expressed his gratitude for their accomplishment. The Sunnah is divided into three parts: Muakkadah Sunnah (Verified Sunnah) Gairu Muakkad Sunnah (Unverified Sunnah) Zawaid Sunnah (Excessive Sunnah).
Mustahab – in religious terms, the actions of the Prophet Muhammad, which he sometimes performed and sometimes did not perform. This includes some nafl prayers (additional prayers) and fasting. In addition, it is mustahab to perform the morning two-rakat prayer (fajr) after dawn, to perform the midday four-rakat prayer (zuhr) late, in the heat, until the evening comes, and also to perform the evening three-rakat prayer (maghrib) immediately after the time comes. There is possible reward for those who do it, and no sin for those who do not. Ibn Abidin said that the terms mandub, mustahab and nafil have the same meaning.
Mubah – to do or not to do, there are no religious obstacles, that is, actions according to the will of a person. For example, food, sleep, etc.
Haram are things that are strictly prohibited in Islam. Drunkenness, gambling, adultery, murder, gossip, slander, etc.
Makrooh in the dictionary means something unpleasant, hateful. If expressed in religious language, then this is an unpleasant, bad action from the point of view of religion. This makruh includes actions such as wasting water during ablution and ablution. Makrooh is divided into two parts: Makrooh, which is close to haram (Tahriman makrooh). For example: wasting water during ablution, etc. Makruh is close to Halal (Tanzihan Makruh). For example: rinsing the nose with the right hand, etc.
The mufsid is what disrupts the worship service that has begun. Deliberately committing mufsid results in sin. If it is done by mistake, there is no sin or suffering. This includes actions such as laughing uncontrollably during prayer, etc.